Glossary of Labor Relations Terminology

These terms have been gathered from Workrightsny.org.  You can access their complete glossary in English here: http://www.workrightsny.org/glossary/

Agency Shop
An agreement between an employer and a union that eligible employees who elect to not join the union will be required to pay union dues as a condition of employment.

工会代理制企业
由雇主和工会达成的一项协议,规定符合条件的员工虽然有权选择不加入工会组织,但根据雇佣条款仍需按规定缴纳工会会费。

Arbitration
A form of dispute resolution in which the parties agree that a neutral third-party arbitrator will hear each party’s case and decide the outcome.

仲裁
是解决争议的一种形式,争议各方同意的情况下,由中立的第三方仲裁人聆听案情并作出最终裁决。

Bargaining Unit
A group of employees represented by a union in a workplace.

谈判单位
在工作场所、由工会代表的一组雇员。

Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
A BFOQ allows an employer to discriminate when job requirements are specific to a certain sex, religion, or national origin only. The rules governing BFOQ’s are strict and such exceptions are rare but would apply, for example, to a business seeking to hire females to model women’s clothing.

适当的职业资格限制
这种职业资格限制允许雇主在工种需要特定性别、宗教、或国籍要求时,对雇员进行有针对性地筛选。对这种职业资格限制的规定非常严格,适用情况也较为罕见,例如可以被应用在一家制作女性服装的商家只雇佣女性雇员作为模特。

Captive Audience
Applied to the workplace, this term usually refers to a mandatory meeting at which the employer presents their perspective on a topic to employees.

被动观众
适用于职场等工作场所,通常指一种由雇主向雇员展示某种主题观点的强制性会议。

Collective Bargaining
A right established by the National Labor Relations Act, collective bargaining is a negotiation process where employers and a unit of employees (usually a union) will reach agreement on wages, hours, and working conditions.

集体谈判
是一项由国家劳动关系法设立的权利。集体谈判是一个谈判过程,其中雇主同雇员组织(通常是工会)将就工资、工时和工作条件等达成协议。

Collective Bargaining Agreement
The contract created between the union and the employer through the bargaining process.

集体谈判协议
通过讨价还价的谈判过程,由工会和雇主之间建立的合同。

Comparable Worth
Jobs that use similar skills, produce similar products, or have a similar outcome for the business. The comparability of jobs is often used in legal cases to determine equal (or unequal) pay.

可比价值
使用相似技能、生产相似成果,或者拥有相似业务成果的工作。工作之间的可比性经常被用于法律案例中,来裁决相等(或不等)的薪酬。

Compensable Time
Any time spent doing work that is for the benefit of the employer, whether or not the work is done on the employer’s premises.

可偿时间
做任何对雇主有利的工作所用的时间,不管这种工作是否在雇主的工作场所中完成。

Disparate Impact
Discrimination that occurs when an employer’s actions or policies have unequal consequences that adversely affect certain populations. An employer that requires job candidates be able to lift 100 pounds, when lifting that weight is not an essential component of the job, would likely have a disparate impact on job seekers who are female or who have disabilities.

差别影响
是一种当雇主的行为或政策,对特定群体产生不利影响时的歧视行为。例如,当用人单位要求应聘者能举起100磅的重量,但这种举重并不属于工作的核心组成部分时,有可能会对女性或残疾人求职者产生差别影响。

Earnings Statement
A document that lists what you have been paid during a specific period of time.

收入证明
列出特定时间段内薪酬的文件。

Employment-at-will
In New York State, unless you are covered by a collective bargaining agreement, you or your employer can terminate the employment relationship at any time for any reason. This reason can be a good reason, a bad reason, or there may be no reason at all.

自由雇佣原则
在纽约州,除非雇员受到集体谈判协议的保护,雇员和雇主都享有在任何时间、以任何理由终止雇佣关系的权利。解除雇佣关系的理由可以有好有坏,也可以没有任何理由。

Good Faith Bargaining
The duty of negotiating parties to meet at reasonable times and have a willingness to reach an agreement.

诚意谈判
谈判的双方都有责任在合理的时间会面,并有意愿最终达成某种协议。

Hostile Work Environment
Results from conditions in a workplace that make someone feel uncomfortable or offended. Such conditions may include the display of pornography, the use of demeaning terms of speech, sexually explicit gestures, offensive language or touching.

敌对工作环境
工作场所的办公条件让别人感觉不舒服或者受到冒犯。这些条件可能包括展示色情内容、使用贬低性的语言、过于色情的手势、攻击性语言或者触摸等。

Impasse
In collective bargaining, impasse occurs when labor and management cannot reach agreement on a term or provision of the contract. In some cases, labor and management will bring in a third party arbitrator or mediator to help the parties reach agreement.

僵局
在集体谈判中,当劳方与资方未能就合同的某一项条款或协议达成一致时,便会出现僵局。在某些情况下,劳方和资方将引入一个第三方的仲裁员或调解员,来帮助各方达成协议。

Independent Contractor
A worker hired for a specific period of time, for a specific task not usually performed by the employer. Independent Contractors are not considered employees and are therefore not eligible for many of the protections granted workers by federal laws (FMLA, FLSA, ADA, etc).

独立承包商
在特定时间段内、为了通常不属于雇主执行范围内的特殊任务而雇佣的雇员。独立承包商并不属于雇主的员工,因此没有资格获得许多联邦法律,如家庭病假法案(FMLA)、公平劳动标准法案(FLSA)、美国残疾人法案( ADA)等规定的工人保护权利。

Mediation
A voluntary process that involves bringing in a third party to assist with negotiations or other labor-management disputes.

调解
一个引入第三方机构来协助谈判或其他劳资纠纷的自愿程序。

Misclassification
This occurs when an employer treats a regular employee as an Independent Contractor, denying him or her the rights of an employee.

分类失当
雇主将普通员工作为独立承包商来对待,以此来否认雇员权利的情况。

Moonlighting
Holding a second job on the side in addition to a regular full-time job.

从事第二职业
在正规全职工作之外,持有的第二份副业工作。

Protected Class
A group of persons covered by anti-discrimination law and provisions. Race, gender, religion, disability, genetic information, age and nationality are federally protected classes. New York State also protects workers on the basis of sexual orientation, marital and family status, and domestic violence status. http://www.eeoc.gov/ and http://www.dhr.ny.gov/

受保护群体
指代被反歧视法律法规保护的群体。种族、性别、宗教、残疾、遗传因素、年龄和国籍都属于被联邦法律保护的范围。纽约州还保护职工的性取向、婚姻和家庭状况,以及家庭暴力情况。详情请见:http://www.eeoc.gov/ 以及 http://www.dhr.ny.gov/

Quid Pro Quo
A type of sexual harassment whereby a person (usually a supervisor or manager) demands a sexual favor in exchange for something else, such as a promotion.

交换式
是一种性骚扰的类型,侵犯者(通常是主管或经理)要求雇员以性行为来交换其他东西,例如升职等。

Reasonable Accommodation
Typically done to accommodate workers with disabilities or those with religious obligations, a reasonable accommodation is an adjustment to a job, the workday, or the work environment that allows a person to perform a function for the business.

合理便利条件
典型的做法如,为残疾雇员或需要履行宗教义务的职工提供便利条件。合理的安排是为了使某人能够为业务展开而执行某种职能,从而对工作、工作时间或工作环境做出的调整。

Retaliation
Any adverse or negative employment action an employer takes because an employee chooses to exercise rights under a federal or state law.

报复
由于雇员选择行使联邦或州法律赋予的权力,从而促使雇主采取的任何不利或消极的雇佣行为。

Seniority
A system whereby workers who have been employed for a longer period of time are granted better job security or higher wages or other benefits.

资历
确保受雇时间越长的员工享有更好的工作保障、更高薪酬或其他利益的系统。

Sexual Harassment
Bullying, abuse, disparate treatment, or actions by an employer, client/customer, or co-worker that is sexual in nature. http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm

性骚扰
由雇主、客户/顾客、或者同事作出的,本质上同性有关的欺凌、虐待、差别处理或其他行为。详情请参见:http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm

Undue Hardship
A practice, policy, or rule that adversely impacts the employer’s day to day operations and business.

过度困难
对雇主的日常运营和业务造成负面影响的行为、政策或者规则。

Unemployment Insurance
A wage-replacement benefit provided to eligible workers who become unemployed through no fault of their own.

失业保险
提供给没有过失但是新近失业的符合领取资格工人的工资替代福利。

Union
A recognized organization that represents workers’ interests in collective bargaining and the enforcement of a collective bargaining agreement.

工会
一个在集体谈判时代表雇员利益的公认组织,并有执行集体谈判协议的职责与权力。

Union Shop
A business or workplace that has signed a union security agreement. A worker employed in a union shop must pay union dues even if he or she does not wish to join the union.

工会化企业
是签署了工会安全协议的企业或工作场所。被工会化企业聘用的员工必须缴纳工会会费,即使员工本身并不希望加入工会。